RFR levels at cell towers in Germany in 2002 ranged from:
Low reading: .02 µW/cm2 (200 µW/m2) High reading: 10 µW/cm2
(100,000 µW/m2) 1uw/m2 = .0001 µw/cm2
A statistical evaluation of over 200 representative high
frequency field measurements is presented for the years 2001
and 2002. Measurements were conducted at different distances
and directions using a frequency selective spectrum analysis
to obtain only GSM power densities... Derived from this
data, GSm cellular phone tower radiation is dominant in
comparison to FM radio or TV emissions.
The median power density was found to be in the range of 200
µW/m2 with the maximum level exceeding 100,000 vW/m2. A
total of 25 percent of the power densities exceeds 1,000 uW/m2,
which has been suggested to be the average threshold value
for non-thermal biological effects.
Two of the most important factors are the distance and the
direct line of sight to the antenna site. At the typical
residential cell tower distance of about 250 m in cities,
with direct line of sight, the observed levels are in the
range of 200 µW/m2.
The results show that, especially for future cellular UMTS
applications, there are several options to minimize
additional HF radiation exposures for the population and
reduce the potential risk for harmful exposures...
...Distance, Line of Sight and Exposure Parameters
The power density values are displayed in Figure 2 in
respect to line of sight/without line of sight and the
distance to the antenna site. It is obvious, that especially
in proximity to the antennas site (<250 m), the GSM
radiation levels are scattering due to various influencing
parameters and cannot be calculated easily by using antenna
power and distance modest only. Table 1 shows a significant
systematic difference between the percentile data from line
of sight and without line of sight measurements. Figure 2
displays the separated sets of data with trend lines
decreasing exponentially to larger distances with lower
exposures for without line of sight measurements in the
range of 90% reduction (-10dB).
In general, the radiation exposure is predominantly
determined by e.g. the following parameters:
Distance to antenna Line of sight to the antenna site Type
of antennas, e.g. omni directional or directional antennas
Number, power, and orientation of the antennas Capacity of
the antenna site (number of channels/frequencie s) Vertical
distance between location and antenna site Type of building
construction/ type of window glass Total reflection of the
environment
...Directly below roof top positions (e.g. schools,
preschools, homes) significant exposures in the range of a
few 1,000 µW/m2 were observed due to secondary side lobes
and reflections. During our data collection, the highest
exposure values in the range of 10,000 - 100,000 µW/m2 were
observed very close to low antenna/roof top positions at
inside and outside locations in line of site and distance <
100 meter.
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